The responsibility to rebuild was not included in the paragraphs of the 2005 World Summit Outcome Document. 39–45).ĭespite the importance that the ICISS commissioners placed on the responsibility to rebuild, this element has been subsequently largely ignored both by policymakers and scholars ( Keranen 2016, p. In the seven pages that the report devotes to states’ post-intervention obligations, the various priorities are outlined, ranging from the reconstitution of public safety and order by international agents in cooperation with local people and the subsequent transfer of authority, to the investment of adequate time and resources, and various pitfalls that need to be avoided such as lack of local ownership, dependency, and undermining of sovereignty ( ICISS 2001, pp. This means that if military intervention action is taken-because of a breakdown or abdication of a state’s own capacity and authority in discharging its “responsibility to protect”-there should be a genuine commitment to helping to build a durable peace, and promoting good governance and sustainable development” ( ICISS 2001, p. The responsibility to rebuild was one of the three main elements of states’ responsibility to protect in the 2001 ICISS report and the report specified that the “responsibility to protect implies the responsibility not just to prevent and react, but to follow through and rebuild.

Ever since, the literature on the responsibility to protect has proliferated, focusing on the evolution ( Evans 2015) and adoption ( Bellamy 2008) of the norm, its link with other norms ( Rhoads and Welsh 2019), and its preventive potential ( Gallagher 2015), among a plethora of works. In 2005, when the responsibility to protect (RtoP) was unanimously adopted by the UN Member States at the World Summit, this responsibility was specified to apply to genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity. The report concluded that states have a responsibility to protect their citizens, with that protection including a responsibility to prevent, to react, and to rebuild. The commission had been tasked with tackling the issue of intervention for human protection purposes, “one of the most controversial and difficult of all international relations questions” as it noted ( ICISS 2001, p. In 2001, the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) 1, published its report entitled The Responsibility to Protect.

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